Clay County, IA
County Profile
16,461 residents. Jobs, income, housing cost, climate and natural-hazard risk for Clay County, IA.
How this area ranks
Data updated · 13 sourcesUnemployment is 2.9% and median household income $65,428, putting employment conditions in the middle range of counties measured.
Public schools test above most of the state: 77% of students met the mathematics standard, placing the area in the top 12% of published profiles for schools.
Housing is more affordable relative to local incomes than in most counties measured: rent takes 26% of renter income and the median home is 2.2 times what its owners earn.
These sentences are written by fixed rules from the measurements below — a statement appears because a number crossed a stated threshold, and the values behind it are stored with it. No figure anywhere on this site is invented, estimated or inferred to fill a gap. How this works.
At a glance
Jobs & opportunity
Unemployment of 2.9%, lower than in 93% of the 1,467 measured US counties.
Employment fell 0.7% over the past year, to 8,645 employed residents.
28% of adults hold a four-year degree, higher than 70% of measured US counties.
| Metric | Value | Compared nationally | Source period |
|---|---|---|---|
| Income of new arrivalsfiling years 2022–2023 | $53,684 | 35th percentileof 1,417 | filing years 2022–2023 |
| Income of those who leftfiling years 2022–2023 | $57,812 | 51st percentileof 1,417 | filing years 2022–2023 |
| Median household income ±$5,0962024 ACS 5-Year | $65,428 | Top 50%of 3,221 | 2024 ACS 5-Year |
| Per capita income ±$2,4072024 ACS 5-Year | $38,651 | Top 31%of 3,222 | 2024 ACS 5-Year |
| Per-capita personal income2023 | $65,137 | Top 25%of 1,389 | 2023 |
| Poverty rate ±2%2024 ACS 5-Year | 9.7% | Top 25%of 3,222 | 2024 ACS 5-Year |
| Average commute ±1.5 min2024 ACS 5-Year | 18.4 min | Top 10%of 3,222 | 2024 ACS 5-Year |
| Bachelor's degree or higher ±3%2024 ACS 5-Year | 27.5% | Top 30%of 3,222 | 2024 ACS 5-Year |
| Drove alone to work ±2%2024 ACS 5-Year | 80.8% | 74th percentileof 3,222 | 2024 ACS 5-Year |
| EmploymentJuly 2026 | 8,645 | Bottom 8%of 1,467 | July 2026 |
| Employment change (3 years)July 2026 | −1.5% | Bottom 32%of 1,467 | July 2026 |
| Employment change (year over year)July 2026 | −0.7% | Bottom 48%of 1,467 | July 2026 |
| Labor forceJuly 2026 | 8,901 | 8th percentileof 1,467 | July 2026 |
| Labor force participation ±1%2024 ACS 5-Year | 85.9% | Top 4%of 3,222 | 2024 ACS 5-Year |
| Public transit to work ±1%2024 ACS 5-Year | 0.8% | 82nd percentileof 3,222 | 2024 ACS 5-Year |
| Unemployment change (year over year)July 2026 | −0.5% | Top 27%of 1,467 | July 2026 |
| Unemployment rateJuly 2026 | 2.9% | Top 7%of 1,467 | July 2026 |
| Worked from home ±2%2024 ACS 5-Year | 6.1% | 26th percentileof 3,222 | 2024 ACS 5-Year |
Unemployment rate
Median household income, successive ACS releases
77% of students met the state standard in mathematics and 79% in reading, across the schools here that reported results.
There are 15.1 students for every full-time teacher across 6 public schools, more than in most measured places.
| School | District | Students | Per teacher | Math | Reading |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spencer High School | Spencer Comm School District | 688 | 17.2 | 72% | 82% |
| Spencer Middle School | Spencer Comm School District | 514 | 17.7 | 83% | 79% |
| Lincoln Elementary School | Spencer Comm School District | 442 | 15.8 | 77% | 76% |
| Fairview Park Elementary | Spencer Comm School District | 249 | 12.4 | 82% | 77% |
| Johnson Elementary | Spencer Comm School District | 201 | 11.2 | — | — |
| Clay Central-Everly Elementary | Clay Central-Everly Comm School District | 53 | 7.6 | 65% | 65% |
50.7% of students here are eligible for free or reduced-price lunch. That describes the circumstances families arrive with, not how the schools perform, so it is shown and not scored.
Public schools only, from the NCES Common Core of Data, placed by ZIP code — which schools are in this place, not which one a particular address is zoned for. A dash in a proficiency column is a gap in the federal file, not a bad result. Proficiency is measured against Iowa’s own standard, so it is ranked within state. How to read school figures.
Housing & affordability
How it’s calculated — housing affordability →The Federal Housing Finance Agency’s house price index for the non-metropolitan parts of Iowa is up 40% over five years, and up 3.1% over the last year. It follows repeat sales of the same homes, so it measures price change rather than which homes happened to sell.
Homeowners here who pay a tax bill pay a median of $2,050 a year in real estate taxes, about 1.15% of the median home value.
HUD’s Fair Market Rent for a two-bedroom, set near the 40th percentile of recent new leases, is $919, some 13% above the $811 tenants already here pay.
At HUD’s Fair Market Rent of $919 a month for a two-bedroom, keeping rent to 30% of income takes a household income of about $36,800 a year, about 56% of the median household income here of $65,428.
The typical renter household here spends 26% of its income on rent, below the 30% threshold at which a household is considered cost-burdened. Median gross rent runs $811 a month.
A median home at $178,600 costs 2.2 times the median income of its owner-occupied households, $79,937, close to the historic benchmark for an affordable market.
The figures above are measured against Clay County’s median household income of $65,428, which describes the place rather than you. Enter your own and the ratio is recomputed against it. It stays in this browser.
| Metric | Value | Compared nationally | Source period |
|---|---|---|---|
| Home price change (1 year)the non-metropolitan parts of Iowa’s figure2026 Q2 | +3.1% | 38th percentileof 1,431 | 2026 Q2 |
| Home price change (5 years)the non-metropolitan parts of Iowa’s figure2026 Q2 | +39.6% | 27th percentileof 1,431 | 2026 Q2 |
| Home price change (10 years)the non-metropolitan parts of Iowa’s figure2026 Q2 | +74.3% | 20th percentileof 1,431 | 2026 Q2 |
| Home price to income ±0.22024 ACS 5-Year | 2.2 | Top 34%of 3,217 | 2024 ACS 5-Year |
| Homeownership rate ±3%2024 ACS 5-Year | 73.3% | 43rd percentileof 3,221 | 2024 ACS 5-Year |
| Housing units ±302024 ACS 5-Year | 8,157 | 36th percentileof 3,221 | 2024 ACS 5-Year |
| Market rent, one bedroomFY2026 | $700 | Top 6%of 1,423 | FY2026 |
| Market rent, three bedroomFY2026 | $1,198 | Top 11%of 1,423 | FY2026 |
| Market rent, two bedroomFY2026 | $919 | Top 9%of 1,423 | FY2026 |
| Median gross rent ±$772024 ACS 5-Year | $811 | Top 37%of 3,215 | 2024 ACS 5-Year |
| Median home value ±$10,7552024 ACS 5-Year | $178,600 | 48th percentileof 3,219 | 2024 ACS 5-Year |
| Median property taxes ±$1702024 ACS 5-Year | $2,050 | 66th percentileof 3,172 | 2024 ACS 5-Year |
| Owner household income ±$4,6752024 ACS 5-Year | $79,937 | Top 42%of 3,218 | 2024 ACS 5-Year |
| Property tax rate ±0.12%2024 ACS 5-Year | 1.15% | 75th percentileof 3,126 | 2024 ACS 5-Year |
| Rent as a share of income ±2%2024 ACS 5-Year | 26.3% | Top 35%of 3,216 | 2024 ACS 5-Year |
| Seasonal and second homes ±1092024 ACS 5-Year | 159 | 30th percentileof 3,222 | 2024 ACS 5-Year |
| Second homes2024 ACS 5-Year | 1.9% | 41st percentileof 3,222 | 2024 ACS 5-Year |
| Vacancy rate2024 ACS 5-Year | 8.8% | 48th percentileof 3,221 | 2024 ACS 5-Year |
| Vacant housing units ±2032024 ACS 5-Year | 875 | 27th percentileof 3,222 | 2024 ACS 5-Year |
These measures come from the same ACS release as the income they are compared with. They compare housing cost with local earnings only: transport, groceries, healthcare, insurance and taxes are not in them. How to read affordability, the two rent figures.
Growth & development
How it’s calculated — growth →Development Momentum
An AreaProfile calculation combining permit volume per resident, its direction over one and three years, population change and employment growth. Permit volume alone is not the measure.
Population has grown 1% since 2020, reaching 16,474 in 2024.
Permitting has turned upward after moving the other way the year before: 60 units authorized in 2025, against 11 the year before.
Federal tax returns show that people moving in from elsewhere in the US and people moving out roughly balanced across Clay County in the most recent year. Households that moved in reported an average income of $53,684, below the $57,812 of households that moved out.
At 3.5 permitted units per 1,000 residents, building activity is above the median for measured US counties.
Population, annual estimates
People moving in and out
Where newcomers came from
- Dickinson County, IA 107 people · 15% of arrivals
- O'Brien County, IA 41 people · 5.9% of arrivals
- Palo Alto County, IA 37 people · 5.3% of arrivals
- Buena Vista County, IA 36 people · 5.2% of arrivals
Where people who left went
- Dickinson County, IA 95 people · 14% of departures
- Buena Vista County, IA 58 people · 8.5% of departures
- Palo Alto County, IA 56 people · 8.2% of departures
- O'Brien County, IA 34 people · 5.0% of departures
Based on the address on federal tax returns, compared with the same filers a year earlier. It counts people who file, and sees a move only when the address on a return changes. Domestic moves only: people arriving from abroad are left out. IRS Statistics of Income, filing years 2022–2023.
Housing units permitted per year
Weather & climate
5 of the twelve months have a normal average temperature between 55°F and 80°F. July averages a high of 85°F and January a low of 8°F.
Normal annual precipitation is 26.8 inches.
Precipitation
| Metric | Value | Source period |
|---|---|---|
| Annual precipitation1991-2020 Normals | 26.8" | 1991-2020 Normals |
| Average January low1991-2020 Normals | 8°F | 1991-2020 Normals |
| Average July high1991-2020 Normals | 85°F | 1991-2020 Normals |
| Comfortable months1991-2020 Normals | 5 | 1991-2020 Normals |
| Seasonal temperature swing1991-2020 Normals | 56°F | 1991-2020 Normals |
Climate figures are thirty-year normals, not current conditions. How to read climate and air quality.
Physical risk
The hazards accounting for most of this area's expected annual loss are inland flooding, tornado and hail, with inland flooding alone responsible for 64% of it.
Low or minimal exposure: drought, ice storm, landslide, wildfire, earthquake, lightning, avalanche, tsunami, volcanic activity, hurricane, coastal flooding.
Hazard ratings are AreaProfile calculations derived from the FEMA National Risk Index v1.20.0 (December 2025). These are FEMA’s own figures for this county rather than a value derived from surrounding geographies. FEMA does not endorse this presentation. Higher physical resilience means lower exposure.
What this profile does not cover
Each of these is absent for a reason, not by oversight. The Area Score is calculated without them; the weighting is on the methodology page.
- Reported crime
- Offenses reported to police are published by department rather than by town, so AreaProfile shows a rate only on city profiles, and only where that city’s department submitted every month of a year. City profiles inside this area carry their own figure where their department reported a full year. A partial year is never scaled up to look complete, and arrest counts or news volume are never substituted for it.
- Cost of living
- Price parities are published for metropolitan areas, and this place lies outside one.
- Death-certificate rates
- The CDC publishes these rates by county, and no county figure could be attached to this page.
- Air quality
- The EPA publishes an air-quality index only where a monitor sits. There is none in this county, and a modeled value would be a different kind of number from the measured ones everywhere else on this page.
- Taxes
- Income and sales taxes are not published: no source covers them nationally with a method open enough to check. Property taxes are shown in the housing section but are not part of the score. Cost of living is published where the Bureau of Economic Analysis measures it, though not for this place. Nothing here is individualized tax advice.
- Anything about a specific address
- Every figure describes an area, not a street or a house.
Access
2 major airports lie within 100 miles, the nearest Sioux Gateway/Brig General Bud Day Fld at 78 miles.
| Metric | Value | Compared nationally | Source period |
|---|---|---|---|
| Broadband access ±3%2024 ACS 5-Year | 89.5% | Top 30%of 3,221 | 2024 ACS 5-Year |
| Distance to major airportNASR current cycle | 78 mi | Bottom 10%of 1,463 | NASR current cycle |
| Major airports within 100 milesNASR current cycle | 2 | Bottom 15%of 1,463 | NASR current cycle |
| No internet access ±2%2024 ACS 5-Year | 5.1% | Top 11%of 3,221 | 2024 ACS 5-Year |
| Airport | Code | Distance | Longest runway |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sioux Gateway/Brig General Bud Day Fld | SUX | 78 mi | 9,002 ft |
| Joe Foss Fld | FSD | 87 mi | 9,000 ft |
| Eppley Airfield | OMA | 129 mi | 9,502 ft |
Airport identity, position and runway data come from the FAA. “Major airport” is an AreaProfile classification — a public-use civil airport with a paved runway of at least 8,000 feet — not an FAA hub designation. Distances are straight-line, not driving distance.
Customize your score
What matters to you?
Choose what you weight most heavily. Nothing is saved to an account — your preferences stay in this browser, and the Area Score never changes.
Select one or more priorities to see how this location scores against them.
Similar places
Matched on AreaProfile signals, not geographyData & methodology
| Used for | Source | Source period |
|---|---|---|
| Access | Federal Aviation Administration Airports (NASR) — Aeronautical Data Delivery Service | NASR current cycle |
| Physical risk | Federal Emergency Management Agency National Risk Index | National Risk Index December 2025 (v1.20.0) |
| Demographics, Income | Internal Revenue Service, Statistics of Income Division U.S. Population Migration Data (county to county) | filing years 2022–2023 |
| Climate | NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information U.S. Climate Normals 1991–2020 (Monthly) | 1991-2020 Normals |
| Income | U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis Regional price parities and county personal income | 2023 |
| Jobs | U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Local Area Unemployment Statistics | July 2026 |
| Access, Demographics, Housing, Income, Jobs | U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (Table-Based Summary File) | 2024 ACS 5-Year |
| Development | U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey | 12 months ending July 2026 |
| Demographics | U.S. Census Bureau Population Estimates Program | July 1, 2024 estimate |
| Safety | U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics Provisional county-level mortality by intent | March 2025 to February 2026; May 2025 to April 2026 |
| Schools | U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics Common Core of Data and EDFacts assessments | 2018-19 school year; 2024-25 school year |
| Housing | U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research Fair Market Rents | FY2026 |
| Housing | U.S. Federal Housing Finance Agency House Price Index (traditional, all-transactions) | 2026 Q2 |
| Current conditions | NOAA National Weather Service National Weather Service current conditions | Live observation, read when the page opens |
Profile recalculated October 8, 2026. Recalculation is not the same as new source data — each figure above shows the period its source actually covers. Read the full methodology, or every source with how often each updates.