Mahaska County, IA

County Profile

22,021 residents. Safety, jobs, income, housing cost, climate and natural-hazard risk for Mahaska County, IA.

Several figures AreaProfile publishes are measured by county and nowhere finer — death rates by intent among them. On this page those describe the geography they are printed on, which is not true of the city and ZIP pages that inherit them.

73out of 100
Area Score
Top 12% of 1,225 published profiles

How we calculate this

How this area ranks
OpportunityTop 10% of 1,255 counties79
SchoolsTop 26% of 973 counties70
GrowthTop 30% of 1,226 counties61
Housing affordabilityTop 22% of 1,255 counties100
Climate1038th of 1,254 counties59
Physical resilienceTop 34% of 1,255 counties72
Access925th of 1,255 counties68
Economic stabilityTop 40% of 1,255 counties68
The quick read

Mahaska County ranks in the top 10% of published profiles for employment opportunity, with unemployment at 2.7% and median household income of $70,940.

In the public schools here, 71% of students met the state standard in mathematics, with 13.4 students for every teacher.

Rent takes 13% of median household income here, below the 30% threshold conventionally called cost-burdened, and the median home is 2.2 times that income.

At a glance

Population
22,021
2024 ACS 5-Year
Median household income
$70,940
Top 35% nationally
Density
39/sq mi
570.9 sq mi of land
Median age
39.0
2024 ACS 5-Year
County
Mahaska County
Iowa
Metro area
Oskaloosa, IA
Nearest major airport
DSM
55 mi · Des Moines Intl
Median home value
$157,800
2024 ACS 5-Year

Jobs & opportunity

Unemployment of 2.7% is lower than 97% of the 1,255 measured US locations.

Employment grew 0.6% over the past year, to 12,224 employed residents.

MetricValueCompared with peersSource period
Median household income ±$4,815$70,940Top 35%2024 ACS 5-Year
Per capita income ±$2,252$36,118Top 43%2024 ACS 5-Year
Poverty rate12.6%Bottom 44%2024 ACS 5-Year
Average commute19.3 minBottom 12%2024 ACS 5-Year
Bachelor's degree or higher24.1%Top 42%2024 ACS 5-Year
Employment12,224Bottom 8%June 2026
Employment change (3 years)3.5%Top 16%June 2026
Employment change (year over year)0.6%Top 20%June 2026
Labor force12,557Bottom 7%June 2026
Labor force participation65.0%Top 18%2024 ACS 5-Year
Unemployment change (year over year)-0.5%Bottom 16%June 2026
Unemployment rate2.7%Bottom 3%June 2026
Unemployment rate
2021/062022/032022/122023/092024/062025/032025/102026/064.12.2
Monthly unemployment rate from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, most recent value 2.7% in June 2026. A break in the line is a month the Bureau of Labor Statistics did not publish for this area — it is left empty rather than estimated.
Median household income, successive ACS releases
202120222023202471k61k
Each point is a separate five-year estimate, most recently $70,940 in the 2024 ACS 5-Year. Consecutive releases share four years of sample, so AreaProfile shows them as a record of successive estimates and does not compute a year-over-year change from them.

71% of students met the state standard in mathematics and 67% in reading, across the schools here that reported results.

There are 13.4 students for every full-time teacher, fewer than in most measured places.

Public schools
7
2024-25 school year
Students per teacher
13.4
across all schools here
Math proficiency
71.4%
Top 26% in Iowa
Reading proficiency
67.1%
Top 41% in Iowa
SchoolDistrictStudentsPer teacherMathReading
Oskaloosa Elementary SchoolOskaloosa Comm School District90312.267%62%
Oskaloosa High SchoolOskaloosa Comm School District63215.8
Oskaloosa Middle SchoolOskaloosa Comm School District40411.567%77%
North Mahaska Elementary SchoolNorth Mahaska Comm School District30114.386%85%
North Mahaska Jr-Sr High SchoolNorth Mahaska Comm School District27513.185%65%
Oskaloosa Early Childhood Center - PKOskaloosa Comm School District10936.3
Fremont ElementaryEddyville-Blakesburg- Fremont CSD10810.850%30%

38.0% of students here are eligible for free or reduced-price lunch. That describes the circumstances families arrive with rather than how the schools perform, which is why AreaProfile shows it and does not score it.

Public schools only, from the NCES Common Core of Data. Schools are placed by ZIP code, so this is which schools are in this place rather than which one a particular address is zoned for — district boundaries do not follow municipal ones, and enrollment zones change. Fully virtual schools are excluded: they enroll students from across the state while reporting one administrative address, and counting them here would describe a school population this place does not have. The assessment covers grades 3 through 8, so a high school shows no proficiency figure — a dash in those columns means the test was not given at that school, not that it performed badly. Proficiency is measured against Iowa’s own standard, so it compares cleanly within the state and only broadly against other states; AreaProfile therefore ranks it within state. The directory is current, while the proficiency figures are from the last school year with national coverage before the pandemic interrupted testing.

Housing & affordability

How it’s calculated →

Median rent of $793 takes 13% of median household income, below the 30% threshold at which a household is considered cost-burdened.

A median home costs 2.2 times median household income here, close to the historic benchmark for an affordable market.

Rent as a share of income
13.4%
Below the 30% cost-burdened threshold
Home price to income
2.2×
median home value ÷ median income
Median gross rent
$793
2024 ACS 5-Year
Median home value
$157,800
2024 ACS 5-Year
MetricValueCompared with peersSource period
Home price to income2.22Bottom 17%2024 ACS 5-Year
Homeownership rate68.0%Bottom 23%2024 ACS 5-Year
Housing units ±539,728Bottom 42%2024 ACS 5-Year
Median gross rent ±$80$793Bottom 33%2024 ACS 5-Year
Median home value ±$8,064$157,800Bottom 35%2024 ACS 5-Year
Rent as a share of income13.4%Bottom 12%2024 ACS 5-Year
Vacancy rate10.1%Bottom 30%2024 ACS 5-Year

Both affordability measures come from the same ACS release as the income they are compared with, so the comparison is like for like. They describe housing cost against local earnings and are not a cost-of-living index — transport, groceries, healthcare, insurance and taxes are not included, and a place can look affordable here and still be expensive to live in for reasons this does not capture.

Growth & development

How it’s calculated →
Development Momentum
61/ 100
Top 30% of 1,226 published city profiles
Permitting is increasing — 2 consecutive years, measured from 2022 to 2025.

An AreaProfile calculation combining permit volume per resident, its direction over one and three years, population change and employment growth. Permit volume alone is not the measure.

Population has fallen 1% since 2020, reaching 22,034 in 2024.

New construction is predominantly single-family: only 9% of permitted units are in buildings of five or more homes.

At 3.0 permitted units per 1,000 residents, building activity is above the median for measured US locations.

Units permitted
65
12 months ending July 2026
Per 1,000 residents
3.0
Top 50% nationally
Year over year
+18%
vs the prior twelve months
Multifamily share
9.2%
units in 5+ unit buildings
Population, annual estimates
2020202120222023202422k22k
Census Population Estimates Program, July 1 of each year. These annual estimates are designed for year-over-year comparison, unlike the ACS five-year figure shown as this profile's population.
Housing units permitted per year
20222023202420256010
Annual totals from the Census Building Permits Survey. Permitting in 2025 was higher than 2022 (+445%).

Weather & climate

5 of the twelve months have a normal average temperature between 55°F and 80°F. July averages a high of 86°F and January a low of 14°F.

Normal annual precipitation is 37.0 inches, including 23.6 inches of snow.

0°20°40°60°80°100°JFMAMJJASOND
Solid line: normal daily high. Dashed line: normal daily low. 1991-2020 normals from NOAA station OTTUMWA INDUSTRIAL AP, 18.3 miles from this location.
Precipitation
JFMAMJJASOND5.4"
Normal monthly precipitation, in inches.
MetricValueSource period
Annual precipitation37.0"1991-2020 Normals
Annual snowfall23.6"1991-2020 Normals
Average January low14°F1991-2020 Normals
Average July high86°F1991-2020 Normals
Comfortable months51991-2020 Normals
Seasonal temperature swing52°F1991-2020 Normals

Climate figures are thirty-year normals, not current conditions. They describe what a typical year looks like rather than what the weather is doing today.

Physical risk

72 / 100
Physical resilience

The hazards accounting for most of this area's expected annual loss are tornado, drought and strong wind.

Overall hazard risk is lower than 70% of measured US locations.

DroughtModerate
Strong windModerate
HailModerate
Heat waveElevated
TornadoElevated
LightningModerate
Cold waveHigh

Low or minimal exposure: landslide, winter weather, ice storm, wildfire, inland flooding, earthquake, hurricane.

Hazard ratings are AreaProfile calculations derived from the FEMA National Risk Index v1.20.0 (December 2025). FEMA National Risk Index county record. FEMA does not endorse this presentation. Higher physical resilience means lower exposure.

These are deaths, not offences. AreaProfile does not publish reported crime, and this is not a substitute for it — it says nothing about burglary, theft or assault.

Mahaska County records 2.8 homicide deaths per 100,000 residents a year, near the middle of counties measured. The CDC does not publish this below county level.

Firearm deaths of all intents run at 14.9 per 100,000 — more than the homicide rate, because nationally most firearm deaths are suicides.

Drug overdose deaths run at 8.1 per 100,000 residents in Mahaska County.

Homicide
2.8
per 100,000 residents · under 10 deaths
Firearm deaths, all intents
14.9
per 100,000 residents · under 10 deaths
Drug overdose
8.1
per 100,000 residents · under 10 deaths
Suicide
20.7
per 100,000 residents · under 10 deaths

Firearm deaths count every intent together, and nationally the majority are suicides rather than homicides. The two columns overlap and should not be added.

Age-adjusted rates from provisional death certificate records, published by the CDC for Mahaska County as a whole — these rates are not published below county level. A county can hold both a dense city centre and a suburb whose experience of it is nothing alike, so this describes the county around Mahaska County rather than Mahaska County itself. That is why AreaProfile shows these figures and does not put them in the Area Score. Where fewer than ten deaths were recorded the count is suppressed at source, and a rate built on single figures moves sharply between releases. What this measure has that reported crime does not: a death certificate is filed whether or not the local police agency submitted a return that year, so the figures stay comparable between places and over time.

What this profile does not cover

Three things people look for are missing from every AreaProfile page, and each is missing for a reason rather than by oversight. The Area Score is calculated without them and the weighting is documented on the methodology page.

Reported crime
The FBI’s Crime Data Explorer is the only source for reported offences with national coverage and a published method, and it requires an API key AreaProfile does not hold. Arrest counts, news volume and commercial “safety scores” are not substituted in the meantime. What is published above under Safety is a different measurement — deaths rather than offences, from death certificates rather than police returns — and it covers no property crime at all.
Taxes
No tax dataset has met the source admission test for coverage, transparent methodology and update cadence. Nothing here is individualized tax advice.
Full cost of living
No public source publishes one with national coverage and a documented method. Housing affordability above is computed from published rent, price and income, and excludes transport, groceries, healthcare, insurance and taxes — commuting cost in particular tends to offset suburban housing savings.

Access

3 major airports lie within 100 miles, the nearest 55 miles away.

AirportCodeDistanceLongest runway
Des Moines IntlDSM55 mi9,004 ft
The Eastern IowaCID61 mi8,600 ft
Waterloo RgnlALO86 mi8,399 ft

Airport identity, position and runway data come from the FAA. “Major airport” is an AreaProfile classification — a public-use civil airport with a paved runway of at least 8,000 feet — not an FAA hub designation. Distances are straight-line, not driving distance.

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Area Score
73
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Data & methodology

Used forSourceSource periodUpdated
AccessFederal Aviation Administration
Airports (NASR) — Aeronautical Data Delivery Service
NASR current cycle28-day NASR cycle
Physical riskFederal Emergency Management Agency
National Risk Index
National Risk Index December 2025 (v1.20.0)Periodic dataset versions (v1.20.0 current)
ClimateNOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
U.S. Climate Normals 1991–2020 (Monthly)
1991-2020 NormalsEvery ten years (next release follows the 2001–2030 period)
JobsU.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
Local Area Unemployment Statistics
June 2026Monthly
DemographicsU.S. Census Bureau
Population Estimates Program
July 1, 2024 estimateAnnual (vintage released each spring)
DevelopmentU.S. Census Bureau
Building Permits Survey
12 months ending July 2026Monthly, roughly three weeks after the reference month
Demographics, Housing, Income, JobsU.S. Census Bureau
American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (Table-Based Summary File)
2024 ACS 5-YearAnnual (5-year estimates released each December)
safetyU.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics
Provisional county-level mortality by intent
April, 2025 to March, 2026Quarterly, with a rolling twelve-month window alongside complete calendar years
schoolsU.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics
Common Core of Data and EDFacts assessments
2019-20 school year; 2024-25 school yearDirectory annually; assessment results as EDFacts releases them

Profile recalculated August 30, 2026. Recalculation is not the same as new source data — each figure above shows the period its source actually covers. Read the full methodology or browse every source.

Cities in Mahaska County, IA